NATION SPECIAL..IS AMERICA STILL A LAND OF OPPORTUNITY AND EQUALITY FOR ALL

The Price of Inequality

    America likes to think of itself as a land of opportunity and others view it in much the same light. But while we can all think of examples of Americans who rose to the top on their own, what really matters are the statistics: to what extent do an individual’s life chances depend on the income and education of his or her parents? Nowadays, these numbers show that the American dream is a myth. There is less equality of opportunity in the US today than there is in Europe, or indeed, in any advanced industrial country for which there are data.
This is one of the reasons that the US has the highest level of inequality of any of the advanced countries, and its gap with the rest has been widening. In the ‘recovery’ of 2009-10, the top 1% of US income-earners captured 93% of the income growth. Other inequality indicators are as bad or even worse. The trend is one of concentration of income at the top, the hollowing out of the middle and increasing poverty at the bottom.
It would be one thing if the high incomes of those at the top were the result of greater contributions to society, but the Great Recession showed otherwise: bankers who had led the global economy to the brink of ruin received outsize bonuses.
A closer look at those at the top reveals a disproportionate role for rent-seeking: some have obtained their wealth by exercising monopoly power; others are CEOs who have taken advantage of deficiencies in corporate governance to extract for themselves an excessive share of corporate earnings; and still others have used political connections to benefit from government munificence: either excessively high prices for what the government buys (drugs), or excessively low prices for what the government sells (mineral rights).
So, part of the wealth of those in finance comes from exploiting the poor, through predatory lending and abusive credit-card practices. Those at the top are enriched at the expense of those at the bottom. It might not be so bad if there were even a grain of truth to trickle-down economics, the quaint notion that everyone benefits from enriching those at the top. But most Americans today are worse off, with lower real incomes, than they were in 1997, a decade and a half ago. All of the benefits of growth have gone to the top. Defenders of US’ inequality argue that the poor and those in the middle shouldn’t complain. While they may be getting a smaller share of the pie than they did in the past, the pie is growing so much, thanks to the contributions of the rich and super-rich, that the size of their slice is actually larger. The evidence contradicts this. Indeed, the US grew far faster in the decades after World War II, when it was growing together, than it has since 1980, when it began growing apart.
Rent-seeking distorts the economy. Market forces, of course, play a role, too, but markets are shaped by politics; and, in the US, with its quasi-corrupt system of campaign finance and its revolving doors between government and industry, politics is shaped by money.
For example, a bankruptcy law that privileges derivatives over all else, but does not allow the discharge of student debt, no matter how inadequate the education provided, enriches bankers and impoverishes many at the bottom. Where money trumps democracy, such legislation has become predictably frequent. But growing inequality is not inevitable. There are market economies that are doing better, both in terms of GDP growth and rising living standards. Some are even reducing inequalities.
America is paying a high price for continuing in the opposite direction. Inequality leads to lower growth and less efficiency. Lack of opportunity means that its most valuable asset, its people is not being fully used. Many at the bottom, or even in the middle, are not living up to their potential, because the rich, needing few public services and worried that a strong government might redistribute income, use their political influence to cut taxes and curtail government spending. This leads to underinvestment in infrastructure, education and technology, impeding the engines of growth. The Great Recession has exacerbated inequality, with cutbacks in basic social expenditures and with high unemployment putting downward pressure on wages. Moreover, inequality leads to economic instability.
But, most importantly, US’ inequality is undermining its values and identity. With inequality reaching such extremes, it is not surprising that its effects are manifest in every public decision. America has become a country not ‘with justice for all’, but rather with favouritism for the rich and justice for those who can afford it.
(The author is professor of economics at Columbia University) © Project Syndicate, 2012