Brain implants may run on sugar fuel
A newly designed fuel cell could power sophisticated brain implants of the future that could let paralysed patients move, using the same thing that powers human cells... glucose
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
engineers have developed a fuel cell that runs on the same sugar that powers
human cells: glucose. This glucose fuel cell could be used to drive highly
efficient brain implants of the future, which could help paralysed patients
move their arms and legs again.
The fuel cell, described in the journal PLoS ONE, strips electrons from glucose molecules to create a small electric current.
The researchers, led by Rahul Sarpeshkar, an associate professor of electrical engineering and computer science at MIT, fabricated the fuel cell on a silicon chip, allowing it to be integrated with other circuits that would be needed for a brain implant.
The idea of a glucose fuel cell is not new: In the 1970s, scientists showed they could power a pacemaker with a glucose fuel cell, but the idea was abandoned in favour of lithium-ion batteries, which could provide significantly more power per unit area than glucose fuel cells.
These glucose fuel cells also utilised enzymes that proved to be impractical for long-term implantation in the body, since they eventually ceased to function efficiently.
The new twist to the MIT fuel cell is that it is fabricated from silicon, using the same technology used to make semiconductor electronic chips.
The fuel cell has no biological components: It consists of a platinum catalyst that strips electrons from glucose, mimicking the activity of cellular enzymes that break down glucose to generate ATP, the cell’s energy currency.
So far, the fuel cell can generate up to hundreds of microwatts – enough to power an ultra-low-power and clinically useful neural implant.
“It will be a few more years into the future before you see people with spinal-cord injuries receive such implantable systems in the context of standard medical care, but those are the sorts of devices you could envision powering from a glucose-based fuel cell,” says Benjamin Rapoport, the first author of the study.
Rapoport calculated that in theory, the glucose fuel cell could get all the sugar it needs from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that bathes the brain and protects it from banging into the skull.
There are very few cells in the CSF, so it’s highly unlikely that an implant located there would provoke an immune response.
There is also significant glucose in the CSF, which does not generally get used by the body.
Since only a small fraction of the available power is utilised by the glucose fuel cell, the impact on the brain’s function would likely be small.
The fuel cell, described in the journal PLoS ONE, strips electrons from glucose molecules to create a small electric current.
The researchers, led by Rahul Sarpeshkar, an associate professor of electrical engineering and computer science at MIT, fabricated the fuel cell on a silicon chip, allowing it to be integrated with other circuits that would be needed for a brain implant.
The idea of a glucose fuel cell is not new: In the 1970s, scientists showed they could power a pacemaker with a glucose fuel cell, but the idea was abandoned in favour of lithium-ion batteries, which could provide significantly more power per unit area than glucose fuel cells.
These glucose fuel cells also utilised enzymes that proved to be impractical for long-term implantation in the body, since they eventually ceased to function efficiently.
The new twist to the MIT fuel cell is that it is fabricated from silicon, using the same technology used to make semiconductor electronic chips.
The fuel cell has no biological components: It consists of a platinum catalyst that strips electrons from glucose, mimicking the activity of cellular enzymes that break down glucose to generate ATP, the cell’s energy currency.
So far, the fuel cell can generate up to hundreds of microwatts – enough to power an ultra-low-power and clinically useful neural implant.
“It will be a few more years into the future before you see people with spinal-cord injuries receive such implantable systems in the context of standard medical care, but those are the sorts of devices you could envision powering from a glucose-based fuel cell,” says Benjamin Rapoport, the first author of the study.
Rapoport calculated that in theory, the glucose fuel cell could get all the sugar it needs from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that bathes the brain and protects it from banging into the skull.
There are very few cells in the CSF, so it’s highly unlikely that an implant located there would provoke an immune response.
There is also significant glucose in the CSF, which does not generally get used by the body.
Since only a small fraction of the available power is utilised by the glucose fuel cell, the impact on the brain’s function would likely be small.
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